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在人體正常生命進程的中後期,神經肌肉系統的結構和功能會發生不可避免的退行性變化,表現為隨著年齡的增長,骨骼肌肌纖維的質量(包括體積和數量)丟失、力量降低,肌耐力和代謝能力下降以及結締組織和脂肪增多等。1997年,美國學者Rosenberg首先使用希臘語詞彙“Sarcopenia”命名了這一現象。多年來,各國學者對Sarcopenia進行了不懈的研究,在國內,學者們對它的命名不一,有的稱之為“骨骼肌衰老”、有的稱之為“老年性骨骼肌減少癥”,有的學者則稱之為“少肌癥”等等。

維基百科的解釋:At present, there is no generally accepted definition of sarcopenia in the medical literature.

流行病學

研究表明,30歲以後,人的骨骼肌肌量平均每10年即下降6%, Baumgartner等用雙能X線吸收儀測試883名老年人的骨骼肌量發現,在 70 歲以下的老年人群中,有13%~24%患有Sarcopenia,而在80歲以上的老年人中,患少肌癥者則超過50%(http://big.hi138.com/)。兩性對比,新墨西哥州883名老年被試中,75 歲以上的男性的患病率為58%,女性為45%。我國城市老年男子在80歲以後會出現一個肌力顯著下降的過程,而老年女子出現在75歲左右,且男女兩性之間的差值呈縮小傾向。Gallagher等用雙能X 線吸收儀測量了20~90 歲的136 名男性和148 名女性的所有的四肢骨骼肌,結果發現男性的四肢骨骼肌比女性發達,但隨著年齡的增長,男性骨骼肌萎縮的速率也比女性快。

臨床表現

Sarcopenia主要表現為肌力衰退,使老年人的活動能力降低,造成老年人行走、坐立、登高和舉重物等日常動作完成困難,甚至導致平衡障礙、難以站立、極易摔倒等。與正常人相比,Sarcopenia患者的體重、去脂體重均明顯降低,爆發力、握力等明顯下降,下肢屈肌衰退顯著,因此老人頻繁跌倒。

檢測和診斷標準

因Sarcopenia導致老年人勞動能力喪失,自理能力下降,所以明確診斷Sarcopenia非常重要。目前應用較多的診斷標準是Baumgartner等在1988年提出的老年人四肢骨骼肌的質量(kg)與身高的平方(m2)之比值低於相應族群青年人平均值的兩個標準差以上,即可診斷為Sarcopenia。雙能X射線吸收儀被用來測定肢體骨骼肌的質量。此外還有學者通過測定伸膝等長力矩、去脂體重、相對骨骼肌指數、握力等以及應用肌電圖、磁共振成像、步態分析等來確診。

Sarcopenia的病理

CT、MRI和屍體檢測等證實,骨骼肌的質量從20~80歲總體下降高達40%,但因在骨骼肌質量下降的同時往往伴有脂肪囤積,所以體重一般不會下降。Lexell等對43名15~83歲的健康人進行屍體解剖時發現,衰老骨骼肌的萎縮還伴有肌纖維數量的減少,70歲以後,Ⅰ型肌纖維的橫截面積可下降 15%~20%,Ⅱ型肌纖維下降達 40%,可能是部分Ⅱ型肌纖維向Ⅰ型肌纖維轉化或是Ⅱ型肌纖維的數量直接減少所致。Sarcopenia患者的肌肉具有脂肪肌肉的特征,存在於肌肉細胞附近的脂肪細胞直接影響它們的新陳代謝,胰島素敏感度。De Coppi等研究得出衰老骨骼肌中的修復細胞衛星細胞有轉變成脂肪的潛在可能,共焦顯微鏡下觀察發現,Sarcopenia患者骨骼肌的超微結構與青年肌肉相比出現了明顯的變化,表現為興奮收縮解偶聯,橫管系統腫脹,肌漿網碎裂等。

處置:

Exercise運動
Primary management of sarcopenia is through the application of a graded exercise program, across both cardiovascular and strength domains, dosed in such a way as to provoke beneficial adaptation without overloading the weakened body.Physical activity incorporating resistance training is probably the most effective measure to prevent and treat sarcopenia.
Drugs藥物
Possible therapeutic strategies include use of testosterone or anabolic steroids, though long term use of these agents is controversial in men given concerns of prostate symptoms, and essentially contraindicated in women, given concerns of virilization. Recent experimental results have shown testosterone treatments may induce adverse cardiovascular events.Other approved medications have been shown to have little to no effect in this setting, including agents such DHEA and human growth hormone. New therapies in clinical development hold great promise in this area, including the Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), as evidenced by recent studies.[citation needed] Nonsteriodal SARMs are of particular interest, given they exhibit significant selectivity between the anabolic effects of testosterone on muscle, but apparently with little to no androgenic effects such as prostate stimulation in men or virilization in women.
Diet and nutrition飲食與營養
Nutritional evaluation may also be indicated if malnutrition is suspected, or current nutritional intake is insufficient to maintain adequate total body mass, although increased exercise also increases appetite.

 

相關資訊,也可以參考這邊:

Effect of In Utero and Early-Life Conditions on Adult Health and Disease

Weight Loss, Exercise, or Both and Physical Function in Obese Older Adults

 

 

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