快樂小藥師 Im pharmacist nichts glücklich

Category

Subcategory

Examples

Dietary andlifestyle

Dehydration or inadequate fluid intake

Low fiber diet

Bed rest or inactivity

Chronic suppression of defecatory urge

Medications

Analgesics

Opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories

Diuretics

Thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics

Antihypertensives

Calcium channel blockers, clonidine

Anticholinergics

Antihistamines, antispasmodics, antidepressants,antipsychotics

Bile acid resins

Cation-containing agents

Barium, iron supplements, calcium or aluminum (dietary supplements, antacids, sucralfate)

Neurally active agents

Ganglionic blockers, serotonin antagonists,vinca alkaloids

Structural

Anorectal

Rectal prolapse,rectal intussusception,rectocele, 

anorectal stricture, perineal descent, 

anal sphincter spasm from anal fissure or painful hemorrhoids,

solitary rectal ulcer,megarectum,neoplasm,fecal impaction

Colonic stricture or obstruction

Neoplasm, ischemia, inflammation (diverticulitis, proctitis), post-radiation

Neurogenic

Peripheral neurologic dysfunction

Autonomic neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, Hirschsprung’s disease, American trypanosomiasis

Central neurologic dysfunction

Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, spinal cord injury or tumor,cerebrovascular accident

Colonic pseudoobstruction

Megacolon, Ogilvie syndrome

Cerebral impairment leading to defecatory failure

Dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke

Other systemic

Endocrine

Hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hyperpara- thyroidism, panhypopituitarism, pheochro- mocytoma, pregnancy

Metabolic

Chronic kidney disease, electrolyte abnormalities (hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnese- mia), heavy metal poisoning, porphyria

Myopathic

Myotonic dystrophy, scleroderma, amyloidosis

Psychiatric

Depression, anorexia nervosa, dementia, abuse

Other

Sarcoidosis