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DNA damage can be induced by exogenous physical agents, by endogenous chemical genotoxic agents that are the products of metabolism, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), or by spontaneous chemical reactions, such as hydrolysis. Examples of DNA damage are ultraviolet (UV)-induced photoproducts (left), interstrand and intrastrand crosslinks, bulky chemical adducts (purple sphere), abasic sites, and oxidative damage such as 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). The consequences of DNA damage are essentially twofold. After misrepair or replication of the damaged template, surviving cells may be subject to permanent changes in the genetic code in the form of mutations or chromosomal aberrations, both of which increase the risk of cancer. Alternatively, damage may interfere with the vital process of transcription or induce replication arrest, which may trigger cell death or cellular senescence, contributing to aging. Damage-induced cell death protects the body from cancer. G denotes guanine, and T thymidine.